“From the Ancient Sea, to the Rock, to the Lab, and Onward to the Museum”

 

This is WT967; the extinct sand dollar Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold, 1907) or Dendraster gibbsii (Rémond, 1863).  Discovered in May 2024 embedded in its 5 million year old sandy seafloor tomb, now turned to stone on a Santa Cruz beach, this specimen has been prepared and is on on its way to the Department of Invertebrate Geology at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco as a small component of our scientific research into the paleontology and evolution of life in the ancient Monterey Bay.  We are additionally examining the Pliocene current-protected sediments from under these ancient sand dollars for microscopic fossilized plankton called foraminifera to help us refine the age and environments that these faunas represent.  Very exciting ongoing research happening here at Pacific Paleontology Labs.

“Under the Sea, Into the Depths of Darkness and Back in Time”

 

Traveling back in time taking a dive to the bottom of the sea 4 million years into the past down under Monterey Bay, what creatures await to be revealed in the light of curiosity, we explore what has never been seen before and ask our Selves “what has gone before us”, “how can we learn from this” “what can we use this for ahead”?  The journey, Orpheus and Eurydice, Odysseus, Sysiphus, and Psyche and the Return.  What lessons will we learn?  How will we change?  Listen!  Hark!  Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change.

#Paleontologist, #paleontology,  #SantaCruz, #Monterey, #santacruzcounty, #mitigation, #mitigationpaleontology, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #fieldwork, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseum, #MontereyBay, #SCMNH, #universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology, #UCMP, #californiaacademyofscience, #academyofscience,  #ucmpberkeley, #LACMIP, #NHMLA, #sierraclub, #Monterey, #fosssilprep, #paleo, #montereycounty, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #gastropod, #myth, #legend, #journey

“Boreotrophon and the Importance of Studying Coastal Erosion; Act II”

 

Good morning beautiful Monterey Bay!  This is a 3 million year old fossil of the small marine muricid gastropod genus Boreotrophon, perhaps something close to B. vancouverensis which was first described as a new species by our colleague Shawn Wiedrick et. al. in 2019. This little fellow is known from living specimens today in the colder waters of British Columbia to Alaska. Up until the discovery of this specimen in a rockfall here in Santa Cruz 4 years ago, this species didn’t have a fossil record, if it is indeed this species. More work is necessary to reveal its taxonomic affinities. This discovery is further evidence of the great changes our Monterey Bay has seen over time, perhaps experiencing colder waters in the past, as well as highlighting the importance of conserving and studying our dynamic coastline for what it reveals about the ancient history of our area.  

#Paleontologist, #paleontology,  #SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #fieldwork, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseum, #MontereyBay, #SCMNH, #UCMP, #californiaacademyofscience, #academyofscience,  #ucmpberkeley, #LACMIP, #NHMLA, #newrecord, #newdiscovery, #gastropod,  

"Sand Dollars Under the Sea: Fossil Sand Dollar Extraction and Prep"

 

This is an example of Dendraster ashleyi or Dandraster gibbsii; we believe the two are synonymous.  This is one of the most common fossil sand dollars found in Santa Cruz.  There are some other specimens from our area that look more closely like Dendraster excentricus but those are extremely rare, only two specimens are known, and there is another species in a different genus called Scuttellaster of the species oregonensis that are found more commonly in the south bay but these are beautiful fossils; They are all extinct species, no longer living today, and they are gorgeous to find along the beach especially in the strand line, and just very beautiful.  The genus Dendraster living today out in the Bay form big colonies on the bottom of the ocean if you dive down under surface you can see them there forming a purple carpet, all nestled in the sand at about a 45-degree angle.  Here's one of the living species on the left hand side and on the right is the fossil, probably ancestral to the modern one.

#paleontologist, #paleontology, #SantaCruz #santacruzcounty #pacificpaleontology

Pacific Paleontology #FossilFriday #beachfossils #fossils #fossilhunting

#fieldworkresearch #beachcombing #santacruzmuseum #montereybay

#scmnh #universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology #ucmp

#californiaacademyofsciences #academyofsciences #ucmpberkeley

#lacmip #nhmla #fosssilprep #paleo #purisima #PurisimaFormation #sanddollar

#fosssilprep #paleo #purisima

Patterns & Processes in Rockfall Dynamics from 1977-2022

 

The author in about 1977.  My dog Blackie in the foreground.

Since 1977 when I was 17 I have been fascinated by the dynamic nature of our coast here along the Monterey Bay.  I can never go down to the same shore twice; it’s in constant flux, never the same as it was the day before.  One of the things that I have been tracking as a paleontologist here are the rockfalls that are continually happening as a coastal erosional process.  These rockfalls are singularly amazing, not only in

Capitola Beach looking toward New Brighton, early 1900's and 2019.

their size and scope, but in the history of our bay that they reveal.  With each new fall, like turning the pages of a book, new information comes to light and a more complete picture of the history of our bay begins to form in my mind.  This process is a decadal revelation; only imaginable over long periods of time, with emergent information coming to light in the longer scale that is not visible from year to year.  Not year-to-

The scale of some of these rockfalls is immense.  Here is Susan for perspective.

year; but more expansive time over 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-years that allows one to understand geological time, Deep Time, better.  With each turn of the page, new and varied creatures are revealed that were not known before and more details of the ancient physical oceanography of the California coast emerges with each new strata set that comes to the light of day.  Interacting with a single place over a large expanse

My dog Blackie and I taking a break from prospecting, The Point, 1980.

of time such as this can engage one in processes that are not visible in the day to day.  There is a larger periodicity of non-random dynamic processes that overlies a place such as this.  Some of those processes present themselves to me, others may only be inferred over even larger expanses of time, not known to a single life span.  I will end with a quote from one of my favorite authors, Pulitzer Prize winning Wallace Stegner

Rockfall 10.20 is a series of interconnected and developmentally related rockfalls, 2020.

who has written some of my most comforting literature on the American west.  I came to know Wallace, or rather his writing, through my father, who I did not really know at all in the sense of “father” since he past away when I was 5.  From a longing to know who my father was, I was introduced to Wallace, since my father and Wallace

grew up in the same small Canadian town together, Eastend, in the early 1900’s.  In reading the words of Stegner it allowed me to feel close to the father I never knew, and at the same time allowed me to learn an appreciation for a sense of place.  This is a quote from one of Wallace’s last essays, the year before he died at age 84; from “The

Sense of Place” by Wallace Stegner. Copyright 1992 by Wallace Stegner. Reprinted by permission of Random House, Inc. “So I must believe that, at least to human perception, a place is not a place until people have been born in it, have grown up in it, lived in it, known it, died in it – have both experienced and shaped it, as individuals, families, neighborhoods, and communities, over more than one generation. Some are born in their place, some find it, some realize after long searching that the place they left is the one they have been searching for. But whatever their relation to it, it is made a place only by slow accrual, like a coral reef.”  I hope you all have a strong sense of place, wherever that may be, however diversified, however tangible or conceptual. In this particular place on Earth I am comforted, because it recalls the work of Wallace Stegner, who in turn certainly knew my father, and by such circuitous routes I, too, can know my father.

#Paleontologist, #paleontology, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #fieldwork, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseum, #MontereyBay, #SCMNH, #mitigationpaleontology, #universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology, #UCMP, #californiaacademyofscience, #academyofscience,  #ucmpberkeley, #LACMIP, #NHMLA, 

#sierraclub, #Monterey, #fosssilprep, #paleo, #montereycounty, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #fossil, #gastropod, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting, #collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene, #foundartifacts, #fossilpreservation, #invertpaleo, #vertpaleo, #taphonomy, #fossilcollections, #museumcuration, #collectionsmanagement, #fossilcollection, #fossilcollector, #fossilconservation, #digitization, #onlinecollections, #Rockfalls, #Coastalerosion, #Dynamiccoast, #Landslide, #Stratigraphy, #GeologicalProcesses, #Geology,   #FossilFriday

Olivella's graveyard at Pandora's Cave!

Here is Olivella's Graveyard (now referred to the genus Callianax) at Pandora's Cave, New Brighton State Beach; the first shell bed unconformably overlying the finer sandstone layer immediately below it.  One can see here bivalves such as Leukoma and Macoma, a naticid, perhaps Natica clausa, and the Nassariids Demondia californicus and Nassarius.  Portions of this shell layer, which does not stretch continuously for the entire length of the section and is thus more aptly referred to as a Lag or Shell Bed or Lens, consists partly of concreted shell blobs and loosely concentrated shells in which the gastropods are preserved mostly whole and the bivalves are predominantly broken prior to burial.  Olivella's Graveyard represents a moderately shallow water (27-46m) storm deposit and is one of many dozens of examples of "missing time", or  unconformities, in the evolutionary record of our Monterey Bay where once-existing layers have been eroded away by storms during the Pliocene Period about 3 million years ago, never to be seen again.

#Paleontologist, #paleontology, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils,

#SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #fieldwork, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseum,

#MontereyBay, #SCMNH, #mitigationpaleontology, #universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology,

#UCMP, #californiaacademyofscience, #academyofscience,  #ucmpberkeley, #LACMIP, #NHMLA, #sierraclub, #Monterey, #fosssilprep, #paleo, #montereycounty, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #fossil, #gastropod, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting, #collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene, #foundartifacts, #fossilpreservation, #invertpaleo, #vertpaleo, #taphonomy, #FossilFriday

Life's Perfect Circle...

 

I am happy to share that I’m adding a new position as Paleontology Collections Advisor at the Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History to my schedule! I officially began my career as a paleontologist with the museum 46 years ago now, in 1976 when I was 16. It brings me unparalleled joy to now be working with the museum once again, completing my life's circle with the original institution that I began with all those years ago. https://www.santacruzmuseum.org/

#Paleontologist, #paleontology, #pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #fossil, #museum, #fossilhunting, #fieldwork, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseum, #MontereyBay, #SCMNH, #digitization, #museumcollections, #fosssilprep, #paleo, #fossil, #Research, #career, #share #foundartifacts, #fossilpreservation, #invertpaleo, #vertpaleo, #taphonomy, #fossilcollections, #museumcuration

“Final Extraction, How-To with Frenamya”

 

The *last* stage of fossil preparation typically ends with extracting it from the block of rock that it was removed with, shown here with a 4-5 million year old clam

#Paleontologist, #paleontology, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #fieldwork, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseum, #MontereyBay, #SCMNH, #mitigationpaleontology, #universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology, #UCMP, #californiaacademyofscience, #academyofscience,  #ucmpberkeley, #LACMIP, #NHMLA, #sierraclub, #Monterey, #fosssilprep, #paleo, #montereycounty, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #fossil, #gastropod, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting, #collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene, #foundartifacts, #fossilpreservation, #invertpaleo, #vertpaleo, #taphonomy, #FossilFriday

New record of a previously unknown species from the Pliocene of Monterey Bay!

WY890.1: Turcica brevis was described from the the Pliocene of the Central Valley but this is the first record from Monterey Bay! .

 

“An Ancient Skate of Monterey Bay”

 

This is WT744, the *upper jaw*, or palatoquadrate, from the skull of a 2-3 million year old skate, related to stingrays, from the ancient Monterey Bay. Its scientific name is Raja sp cf. R. binoculata. It was discovered in one of the now well-known and most favorite layers, or shell beds, in the upper part of the Purisima Formation of Santa Cruz, CA. The other creatures that this skate was preserved alongside of include Princess Slipper snails (Grandicrepidula princeps), Arc Clams (Anadara trilineata), Giant Barnacles (Balanus aff. B. proxinubilus), and many others, and all represent a nearshore environment for this creature. In point of fact, when Chaco and Yoshi and I are out in the water on the modern reef here we can still disturb living skates resting on the bottom; they then gently flap their flippers up into the floating kelp fronds and it’s always an exciting meeting for all of us.

The rock that it came from had what we call “rip clasts” in it: chunks of angular mudstone that were broken off, or ripped, from the layer of mudstone below it during an erosional event, or regression, representing a period where there was a lowering of sea level. We have now mapped several dozen of these erosional events, called unconformities, preserved in our study area. All together they represent the dynamic geological history of our bay, itself mirroring the dynamic changes happening Globally over deep time and thus influencing and creating a dynamic biological evolutionary history as a result.

This upper jaw is not actually bone, but rather the cartilage precursor of bone found in all sharks, skates, and rays. Being soft rather than hard like bone, cartilage is less likely to be preserved in the fossil record and more rare. In fact, body cartilage of sharks, skates, and rays is even rarer and not found here at all as far as I know; presumably because mouth cartilage had to be slightly more calcified and hard structurally to do its job, and thus preserved more commonly. You will notice in the beginning of the video the hexagonal pattern of the fossilized jaw tissue that is a key feature of fossilized cartilage.

#Paleontologist, #paleontology, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #fieldwork, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseum, #MontereyBay, #SCMNH, #mitigationpaleontology, #universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology, #UCMP, #californiaacademyofscience, #academyofscience,  #ucmpberkeley, #LACMIP, #NHMLA, #sierraclub, #Monterey, #fosssilprep, #paleo, #montereycounty, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #fossil, #gastropod, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting, #collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene, #foundartifacts, #fossilpreservation, #invertpaleo, #vertpaleo, #taphonomy, #FossilFriday

“An Example of Remarkably Well-Preserved fossils”

 

Sometimes creatures are preserved astonishingly well that it boggles the mind!  From Dinosaur skin impressions, to frozen mammoths and glass insect fossils, the world of fossil preservation is incredibly bewildering!  And such was the case with the whole, unfilled, baby Arc Clams, Anadara trilineata, shown here.  Preserved so well, without a gap between the two valves of the shell, no ocean sediment filled into the inner area of the shell and the shells are “empty”.  These shells were likely moved very little from their original burial spot, so as to preserve both valves together.  Almost universally, fossil clams are discovered with sediment-filled interiors, meaning they were moved around on the bottom of the sea floor before being buried.  Even clams that are preserved “in-situ” or in life-position are usually preserved with sediment filling inside the two valves, making these clams extremely exceptionally, uber rare.  Additionally, almost universally the surrounding rock exerts a degree of pressure on a fossil and can even break, squish, or completely pulverize the organism.  

These Arc Clams seem to have avoided that.  Clams can live either in the sediment, or infaunal, or on the sediment, or epifaunal, at the bottom of the ocean; the two most common lifestyles–there are others.  This particular species lived just below the sediment-water interface.  Reconstructing the ancient lifestyle of this clam was the focus of one of my earliest research papers as a young paleontologist at U.C. Berkeley back in 1984.  I was able to use the commensal marine Polychaete worm Polydora, which leaves a scar on the shell of Anadara, as a proxy measure to reconstruct the lifestyle orientation of these ancient fossils from 4 million years ago.  Commensalism is when two creatures share an ecological relationship that neither harms (parasitism) nor benefits (symbiosis) the two species involved.  The link to the manuscript, and some of the diagrams used, appear below.

Thompson, W., 1984.  Anadara from the Purisima Formation along the Monterey Bay

#Paleontologist, #paleontology, #pacificpaleontology,

@pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #SantaCruz,

#santacruzcounty, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #beachcombing,

#santacruzmuseumofnaturalhistory, #SCMNH,

#universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology, #UCMP, #CAS,

#californiaacademyofsciences, #Monterey, #montereycounty,

#mitigationpaleontology, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation,

#fossil, #gastropod, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting,

#collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene,

#foundartifacts, #fossilpreservation, #taphonomy

Looking into the eye of the next big storm?

Capitola winter storm waves, 1-13-2019;

Engaging others, whether it be students in their classrooms or the public, in scientific dialogue over global-scale natural science topics is one of the great unspoken duties, in my mind, of scientists and educators. And nowhere is that at once easier and more difficult than with climate, and specifically with ocean-atmosphere interactions that manifest in the regular cycles we call “El Nino and La Nina”. These cycles are regulated by changes in, and interactions between, sea surface temperature, rainfall, air pressure and temperature, and ocean and atmospheric circulation. Of course, in conversations with both students in the classroom and friends and family, these processes can be broken down further into basic ideas of volume, mass, density, temperature, pressure, and so on.

The idea of climate and oceanic oscillations doubtless began prior to the 1800’s, but the idea of El Nino/La Nina cycles, at least in the Pacific, started when fishermen on the coast South America, in Peru, noticed warm ocean currents appearing around Christmas time every few years. Referring to the birth of Christ, they nicknamed the events “El Nino”, which is of course “the boy” in Spanish. Fishing here is best in La Nina years, when cold upwelling ocean water drives rich nutrients to the surface from the deep.

An El Niño occurs when surface water in the equatorial Pacific becomes warmer than average and east winds blow weaker than normal. The opposite condition is called La Niña: water that is cooler than normal and the east winds are stronger. El Niños typically occur every 3 to 5 years. NOAA “El Nino and La Nina”

We are currently in an uncommon “Triple La Nina”. Here’s an out take from the journal “Nature”: “The current [2022] La Niña started around September 2020 and has been mild-to-moderate most of the time since then. As of April 2022, it intensified, leading to a cold snap over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean not seen at that time of year since 1950. “That’s pretty impressive,”…

The latest forecast from the World Meteorological Organization, issued on 10 June, gives a 50–60% chance of La Niña persisting until July or September… NOAA’s Climate Prediction Centre has forecast a 51% chance of La Niña in early 2023.

…this prolonged La Niña, unlike previous triple dips, hasn’t come after a strong El Niño, which tends to build up a lot of ocean heat that takes a year or two to dissipate1. “I keep wondering, where’s the dynamics for this?” …” Nature News, 23 June, 2022

One of the advantages of living so close to the ocean is to be intricately connected to these cycles, and being engaged in one spot, one relatively small chunk of land, for many decades is that one can experience these cycles and feel their presence and effect on the land, the ocean, the weather, the climate, and the community. We are indeed very fortunate to live where we do!

The two tables and data are courtesy of https://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm

2014: Weak El Nino

2015: Very Strong El Nino

2016: Weak La Nina

2017: Weak La Nina

2018: Weak El Nino

2019: Weak El Nino to Enso Neutral (in Between El/La)

2020: Moderate La Nina

2021: Moderate La Nina

2022:

#Paleontologist, #paleontology, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #beachfossils, #SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #fossil, #fossilhunting, #beachcombing, #santacruzmuseumofnaturalhistory, #SCMNH, #universityofcaliforniamuseumofpaleontology, #UCMP, #CAS, #californiaacademyofsciences, #Monterey, #montereycounty, #mitigationpaleontology, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #fossil, #gastropod, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting, #collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene, #foundartifacts, #FossilFriday

 

Oh for '70's days gone by...

 

Two months out pre-pandemic hordes, January 11th, 2020. Oh for '70's days gone by... #Paleontologist, #paleontology, #SantaCruz, #santacruzcounty, #Monterey, #montereycounty, #paleontology, #beachfossils, #mitigationpaleontology, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #fossil, #gastropod, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting, #collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene

Meanwhile, Back at the Paleo Prep Lab

 Once fossils are blocked out of the rock in the field, those blocks with the fossils inside are brought back to the lab. Once there, as in this case with this Macoma sp. clam (WT892.14) (not a Cryptomya), paleontologists will begin to dig and prepare underneath the fossil to release it completely from its rocky tomb. This can only be done with the most robust fossils; many are so delicate that they need to remain in their original rocky blocks. Once the fossil is completely cleaned of sediment it can be preserved with liquid consolidant that soaks into it and which will harden and preserve the fossil for many decades of research in the museum. Finally, it is recorded numerically, which corresponds to the descriptive data on where and when it was discovered! #Paleontologist, #SantaCruz, #Monterey, #paleontology, #beachfossils, #mitigationpaleontology, #Purisima, #PurisimaFormation, #fossil, #gastropod, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #Constructionsite, #fossilhunting, #collectingtechniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene.

Aladdin's Lamp Comes to Life

 This fossil clam is named Yoldia cooperi (Gabb, 1865), is approximately 4 million years old, and is found occasionally in the Purisima Formation along Monterey Bay. The genus Yoldia is named in honor of D. A. D.'Aquirra e Gadea, Count of Yoldi, a Danish shell collector. I'm not sure who Cooper was. I enjoy discovering this beautiful clam species because of its fine sculpture, its thin shell (which makes it challenging to collect unbroken so it keeps my skill set sharp), and its whimsical similarity to an Aladdin's Lamp! Also interesting and making it completely unique from all other mollusks in the Purisima is this species' long row of many fine hinge teeth and alternating sockets found along the majority of the dorsal margin of the shell, shown in the second photo above. Today, Yoldia cooperi lives in the eastern Pacific from Humboldt County to Baja California Sur and in fine sediments from 5 to 40 meters. Its habitat has likely not changed much in the past 4 million years, as it is found entombed in fine to medium sandstones of the Purisima as well. Shown here with some of the tools needed to extract it safely from the rock, including the consolidant; a liquid hardening compound. This particular specimen at the top was extracted over a period of several days in order to allow the successive applications of consolidant to fully dry before moving the specimen from its tomb. WT730 (Below), WT765 (Above). #Paleontologist, #Santa Cruz, #Monterey, #paleontology, #beach fossils, #Purisima, #Purisima Formation, #fossil, #pacific paleontology, @pacificpaleontology, #fossil hunting, #collecting techniques, #Bivalve, #Research, #Pliocene, 

Ancient Wentletraps

 This is the Wentletrap Opalia varicostata, Stearns, in the gastropod family Epitoniidae. The word "Wentletrap" is borrowed from the Dutch "a winding staircase" so these are called staircase or ladder snails and this one shown here is an extinct Pliocene to Pleistocene species (less than 2 million years to about 5.3 million years). This is a gorgeous little snail and was not known from the Purisima Formation until recently!! Today, Wentletraps hang out around sea anemones, from whom they get their nourishment! #fossilprep, #Purisima, #fossilsnails, #gastropods, #beachfossils, #timelapse, #paleontology, #paleontologist, #pacificpaleontology, @pacificpaleontology, 

Once thought to be in the genus Pandora...

Once thought to be in the genus Pandora, after further discoveries and systematic analysis of its internal and external anatomy, this clam is now known to be a new species in the genus Frenamya, Pandoridae, Purisima Formation, northern Monterey Bay, 3-5 million years. Pacific Paleontology,

#pacificpaleontology, #paleomitigation, #paleoprep, #paleo, #mitigationpaleontology, #fossil, #paleontologist, #paleontology, 

Microfossil sampling benthic foraminiferans...

Microfossil sampling benthic foraminiferans from the mudstone accumulated inside this 4-5 million year old Tresus pajaroanus clam. Benthic Foraminiferans are microscopic Protists that live on or in the the bottom sediments and are usually marine. Typically Forams are not well-preserved in sandstone here in the Purisima Formation. However, the fine mud and silt sediments that accumulated inside fossil clams such as this one often have a higher percentage of Forams preserved in them. Eastern Pacific Pliocene foraminifera are not well-studied and hopefully this project will add to our understanding of local environmental conditions and allow us to place the Purisima formation here within the larger biochronological framework.